top of page


The Intelligence of Contradiction
On the Nature of Design Thinking In 1936, in the first of the essays later collected as The Crack-Up, F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote that “the test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function.” He wrote it at a low point in his life. His health was failing, his finances were strained, and the essay itself goes on to describe how he had lost exactly that capacity. He was not describing
bottom of page